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【诚意正心·诗经】02小雅-01鹿鸣之什-06天保『附理雅各英语译释』

作者:山嵓发布时间:2024-10-01

【阅前提醒】本篇专栏的外语部分出自苏格兰经学家理雅各所译著的『The Chinese Classics』(“中国经典”)系列。理雅各先生出生于1815年(清嘉庆二十年),一生致力于中西方文化的交流,其最重要的成果就是详尽译释了种花家诸多经典。但由于理雅各先生的本职是传教士,故其紧抓“释经权”的职业习惯就自然融入到了译作之中,其往往翻译一段后就会用数倍的篇幅去注释译文。这种翻译方式可谓是直抓要害——经义传播的关键不是译经而是释经。也因此导致理雅各的译作卷帙浩繁,故目前人们常常删去释经只取译文。但我感觉理雅各英译的释经部分才是译作本体,直接丢弃实在是有些买椟还珠了。遂计划用业余时间对理雅各的译作原文进行整理上传。另,理雅各译作中,早期在华的翻译创作著成“中国经典”系列;后期回国的翻译创作则大多收录于“东方圣书”系列;本篇所取的诗经理雅各译文出自““中国经典”卷四。

一、小雅·鹿鸣之什·天保PARTⅡ.BOOKⅠ.ODE Ⅵ.T'een paou

〖一〗天保定尔,亦孔之固。俾尔单厚,何福不除?俾尔多益,以莫不庶。

〖二〗天保定尔,俾尔戩穀。罄无不宜,受天百禄。降尔遐福,维日不足。

〖三〗天保定尔,以莫不兴。如山如阜,如冈如陵,如川之方至,以莫不增。

〖四〗吉蠲为饎,是用孝享。禴祠烝尝,于公先王。君曰:卜尔,万寿无疆。

〖五〗神之吊矣,诒尔多福。民之质矣,日用饮食。群黎百姓,遍为尔德。

〖六〗如月之恒,如日之升。如南山之寿,不骞不崩。如松柏之茂,无不尔或承。

二、毛诗小序

天保,下報上也。君能下下以成其政,臣能歸美以報其上焉。

In the T'een paou the ministers gratefully respond to their sovereign. When the ruler condescends to those beneath him, and thereby gives the finish to his government, they are prepared to express their admiration in return to him.

三、韵体版诗译

(ⅰ)

Heaven shields and sets thee fast.

It round thee fair has cast

Thy virtue pure.

Thus richest joy is thine;-

Increase of corn and wine,

And every gift divine,

Abundant,sure.

(ⅱ)

Heaven shields and sets thee fast.

From it thou goodness hast;

Right are thy ways.

Its choicest gifts'twill pour,

That last for evermore,

Nor time exhaust the store

Through endless days.

(ⅲ)

Heaven shields and sets thee fast,

Makes thine endeavour last,

And prosper well.

Like hills and mountains high,

Whose masses touch the sky;

Like stream aye surging by;

Thine increase swell !

(ⅳ)

With rite and auspice fair,

Thine offerings thou dost bear,

And son-like give,

The seasons round from spring,

To olden duke and king,

Whose words to thee we bring:-

“For ever live.”

(ⅴ)

The Spirits of thy dead

Pour blessings on thy head,

Unnumbered,sweet.

Thy subjects,simple,good,

Enjoy their drink and food.

Our tribes of every blood

Follow thy feet.

(ⅵ)

Like moons that wax in light;

Or suns that scale the height;

Or ageless hill;

Nor change,nor autumn know;

As pine and cypress grow;

The sons that from thee fow

Be lasting still !

四、散体版诗译

(ⅰ)

Heaven protects and establishes thee,

With the greatest security;

Makes thee entirely virtuous,

That thou mayest enjoy every happiness;

Grants thee much increase,

So that thou hast all in abundance.

(ⅱ)

Heaven protects and establishes thee;

It grants thee all excellence,

So that thine every matter is right,

And thou receivest every heavenly favour.

It sends down to thee long-during happiness,

Which the days are not sufficient to enjoy.

(ⅲ)

Heaven protects and establishes thee,

So that in every thing thou dost prosper,

Like the high hills,and the mountain masses,

Like the topmost ridges,and the greatest bulks;

That,as the stream ever coming on,

Such is thine increase.

(ⅳ)

With happy auspices and purifications, thou bringest the offerings,

And dost filially present them;

In spring, summer, autumn, and winter,

To the dukes and former kings,

Who say,'We give to thee

Myriads of years of duration unlimited.'

(ⅴ)

The spirits come

And confer on thee many blessings.

The people are simple and honest,

Daily enjoying their meat and drink.

All the black-haired race, in all their surnames,

Universally practise your virtue.

(ⅵ)

Like the moon advancing to the full,

Like the sun ascending the heavens,

Like the age of the southern hills,

Never waning,never falling,

Like the luxuriance of the fir and the cypress;—

May such be thy succeeding line!

五、释经

Ode 6.Narrative.

【00】AN ODE RESPONSIVE TO ANY OF THE FIVE PRECEDING. HIS OFFICERS AND GUESTS, FEASTED BY THE KING, CELEBRATE HIS PRAISES, AND DESIRE FOR HIM THE BLESSING OF HEAVEN AND OF HIS ANCESTORS.

【山译】这首诗是对“小雅·鹿鸣之什”前五首的回应(前五首一般认为是宴会上东道主对宾客吟诵的欢迎诗,而天保则被认为是宾客对安排宴会的君主的回应诗)。宴会上君主宴请的宾客与官员以此诗答谢赞美君主,并为其祈福于上天和祖先。

山录】《诗经集传·天保》(宋朱熹)——人君以鹿鸣以下五诗燕其臣。臣受赐者,歌此诗以答其君。言天之安定我君,使之获福如此也。

St.1.

【01】爾,'thee',refers to the King.

【山译】“尔”翻译为第二人称单数的“你”thee,在诗里特指君王。

【山录】《詩毛氏傅疏·天保》(清陈奂)——通篇十“尔”字,皆指君上也。

【02】In 1.2,亦 and 之 are both particles,which we cannot translate.

【山译】第1节第2句中的“亦”和“之”都是虚词,不必翻译。

【03】It is difficult to determine whether to translate 保定 in the imperative  or the indicative; but I conclude to adopt the latter mood.The ode is mainly one of praise; even stt.4 and 5 must be translated in the indicative; and it is not till the last line that the imperative is more natural.

【山译】关于“天保定尔”究竟是祈使句还是陈述句的问题,我(理雅各)选择使用陈述句(即宾客向君主陈述“上天保佑您”这个事实)。这是因为这首诗是一首颂词,甚至第四、五节的大部分也都应该翻译成陈述语气,这样最后一节使用祈使语气就会更加自然。

【04】單=盡,'entirely'; Maou defines it by 信,'sincerely'.

【山译】“单”是“尽”的意思,翻译成“entirely”,毛公将他解释为“信”,即“sincerely”。

【山录】《毛诗古训传·天保》——〖笺〗单,尽也。天使女尽厚天下之民。〖传〗单,信也。或曰:单,厚也。

【05】厚 'generous','faithful','honest',is here best given by 'virtuous'.

【山译】此处“厚”有“慷慨的”、“忠实的”、“诚实的”的意思,在这里最好用“品德高尚的”来翻译。

【山注】此处理雅各对“厚”的理解应该是参考了郑笺的“天使女尽厚天下之民”。而此处的主流理解就是“厚”的本义,即上天赐给你的福如此深厚。

【06】何福不除,-'what happiness is not taken away?' taken away, that is, to be replaced by greater.

【山译】“何福不除”的意思是什么样的幸福不被拿走?此处的“拿走”,意思是换来更好的。

【山注】理雅各此处的理解怪怪的,这是因为他参考了朱子的理解“除,除旧而生新也”。即将“除”理解成本义“去掉”,然后将此句解释为“除旧生新”。不过目前主流理解是此处“除”是赐予的意思,即什么样的幸福不被赐予。主流认为古早“除”与“余”相通,而“余”又与“予”相通,所以认为“除”此处应该理解为赐予。

【07】多益,-'much increase'';-of every good,we may suppose,in himself and his kingdom.

【山译】“多益”是大幅增长的意思。即指他自己和他国家的利益好处(获得大幅增益)。

St.2.

【01】戬=盡,'entirely';穀=善,'good','excellent'.

【山译】“戬”是“尽”的意思,翻译为entirely;“穀”是“善”的意思,可翻译为good或excellent。

【山录】《诗经集传·天保》(宋朱熹)——戬,与剪同。尽也。穀,善也。尽善云者,犹其曰单厚多益也。

【02】罄 also=盡,'entirely'. 宜 refers to all the king's doings as right.

【山译】“罄”也是“尽”的意思,也翻译为entirely,“宜”表示君主的所作所为都是事宜的。

【03】百祿,'the hundred emoluments'=all prosperities,all favours.

【山译】“百祿”,直译为“百倍报酬”,引申为幸运和天眷。

【04】遐=遠,'distant','long-during'.

【山译】“遐”是远的意思,可翻译为distant或long-during  。

St.3.

【01】興, 'to rise', 'to flourish'. I do not see why Choo should explain it here by 盛, 'abundant'.

【山译】“兴”应该是“提升”“繁荣”的意思,我(理雅各)不明白为什么朱子要将其解释为“盛”,即“丰富”的意思。

【山录】《诗经集传·天保》(宋朱熹)——兴,盛也。高平曰陆,大陆曰阜,大阜曰陵。皆高大之意。

【02】Ll.3 and 4 should be connected with 1 and 2. 山 and 岡 give us the idea of the height of the hills;阜 and 陵 of their mass. It is said, 'Land high and great is called 阜; when those dimensions are very large, 陵.

【山译】“如山如阜,如冈如陵”应与“天保定尔,以莫不兴”联系起来理解。“山”与“冈”是表达山的高度;“阜”与“陵”是反映山的大。正所谓:“大陆曰阜,大阜曰陵”。

【03】Ll.5 and 6 go together.如川之方至,-'like the now coming to as of a river'; giving the idea of the ever-continued progress and increase of the stream.

【山译】“如川之方至,以莫不增”是一句,意思是(上天所赐之福不仅如山陵一样高大厚重),并像河流一样还在继续不断增加。

St.4.

【01】吉蠲(=潔),-'lucky and purified'. The former term refers to the action of the king in choosing the day for the sacrifices,and the officers to assist in them; the latter to the bathings, fasting, and vigils, preparatory to them.

【山译】“蠲”是洁的意思,因此“吉蠲”可翻译成lucky and purified  。进一步来说,“吉”是君主在优秀臣子的帮助下挑选祭祀的吉时。“蠲”是君臣进行沐浴,禁食,守夜等活动,以准备祭祀事宜。

【山录】《诗经集传·天保》(宋朱熹)——吉,言诹日择士之善。蠲,言齐戒涤濯之洁。

【02】饎,-'the spirits,and other articles of oblation'. 為饎,-'you make, get ready, the oblations'.

【山译】“饎”是(酒食)、灵物等祭祀使用的祭品。“為饎”强调由君主准备好祭品。

【03】享=獻,-'to offer'. This is done 'filially,' because the service referred to was to the king's ancestors at the several seasons, in the ancestral temple.

【山译】“享”是“献”的意思,即提供。以表现君主的孝顺。因为君主需要在家庙中分别于四季祭祀自己的祖先。

【山录】《诗经集传·天保》(宋朱熹)——宗庙之祭,春曰祠,夏曰禴,秋曰尝,冬曰烝。

【04】In the Chung-yung,ch.XVIII.,we are told how the duke of Chow carried up the title of king to his grandfather and great grandfather, and appointed the sacrifices for all the earlier duke of the House of Chow. These are the 公 and 先王 of l.4. 

【山译】在《中庸》第18章中,我们被告知周公是如何追尊祖父王季历与曾祖父王太公刘为王,并完成对周王室更早祖先的祭祀。这就是“于公先王”中“公”(太公刘之前的周王室祖先被追封为公)和“先王”(王季历和太公刘被追封为王,即先王)的跟脚。

【山录】《中庸·18》——子曰:“无忧者其惟文王乎!以王季为父,以武王为子,父作之,子述之。武王缵大王、王季、文王之绪,壹戎衣而有天下,身不失天下之显名。尊为天子,富有四海之内。宗庙飨之,子孙保之。武王末受命,周公成文、武之德,追王大王、王季,上祀先公以天子之礼。斯礼也,达乎诸侯、大夫,及士、庶人。父为大夫,子为士,葬以大夫,祭以士;父为士,子为大夫,葬以士,祭以大夫。期之丧达乎大夫,三年之丧达乎天子,父母之丧无贵贱,一也。”

【山录】《诗经集传·天保》(宋朱熹)——公,先公也。谓后稷以下至公叔祖类也。先王,大王以下也。

【05】The same personages are the 君,or 'rulers',in l.4; and卜爾,云云 gives their answer expressed through their personator (尸),or,as we should say, the medium, in the service.With reference to this passage, the dict.defines 卜 by 予,and 賜,'to give'.The promise in l.6 is, of course, to the king's line, more that to himself.

【山译】“君曰”中的“君”即统治者,指的就是“于公先王”中的“先王”。“卜尔,万寿无疆”是指先王以扮演神明的尸体为媒介,在君主祭祀后给出的答案和祝福。字典定义“卜”是“予”和“赐”的意思,参考这一段,可以理解为to give给予的意思。所以,“卜尔,万寿无疆”这个预言当然说的是君主而不是先王自己。

【山录】《毛诗古训传·天保》——〖传〗君,先君也,尸所以象神。卜,予也。〖笺〗君曰卜尔者,尸嘏主人传神辞也。

【山录】《爾雅·釋詁》——卜,予也。〖註〗卜,賜予也。

St.5.

【01】之,in ll.1 and 3, is the expletive. 

【山译】“神之吊矣”与“民之质矣”中的“之”是虚词,无实际意义。

【02】By 神 is meant the king's ancestors, now existing as 'spirits'. 

【山译】“神之吊矣”中的“”指的是君主的祖先,不过此时这些祖先是以灵魂体存在。

【03】弔=至 'to come';i.e., they are present, though unseen, in the temple.

【山译】“神之吊矣”中的“吊”是“至”的意思,也就是说,尽管祖先的灵魂人们看不到,但祂们却一直住在家庙中。

【山录】《毛诗古训传·天保》——〖传〗吊,至。〖笺〗神至者,宗庙致敬,鬼神著矣,此之谓也。

 【04】詒=遺,'to give'.質=實,'sincere', 'honest'.Maou explains it by 成, meaning that 'the affairs of the people are peacefully settled.

【山译】“诒尔多福”中的“诒”是“遗”的意思。“民之质矣”中的“质”是“实”的意思,即真诚的、诚实的。毛公将“质”解读为“成”,成,平也,“民之质矣,日用饮食”意思是人民的日常事务都得到了平和的处理。

【山录】《诗经集传·天保》(宋朱熹)——诒,遗。质,实也。言其质实无伪,日用飮食而已。

【山录】《毛诗古训传·天保》——〖传质,成也。成,平也。民事平,以礼饮食,相燕乐而已。群黎百姓,遍为尔德。

【05】L.5 is a denomination of all the people. Choo explains the terms as in the translation; but the old interpreters take both 羣 and 黎 as=衆, and by 百姓 they understand the heads of clans, who alone had surnames in those days. I will not say that their exegesis is not the better of the two.

【山译】“群黎百姓”是对人民的总称。朱子就是这样解释的。不过古早的观点中,“群黎”是“众”的意思;“百姓”则被理解为百官(即用百官贵族与群众对应),上古时只有官员与贵族有姓。而我(理雅各)并不能判断出这两种观点孰优孰劣。

【山录】《诗经集传·天保》(宋朱熹)——羣,众也。黎,黑也。犹秦言黔首也。百姓,庶民也。

【山录】《毛诗古训传·天保》——〖〗百姓,百官族姓也。〖〗黎,众也。

St.6.

【01】恆 (read kang,in the 3d tone) denotes the moon in her second quarter, going on to be full. 

【山译】“如月之恒”中的“恒”是月亮周期中1/4~1/2周期之间的状态(即从上弦月到满月之间的状态),在此状态下月亮不断变圆变满。

【山录】《诗经集传·天保》(宋朱熹)——恒,弦。升,出也。月上弦而就盈。日始出而就明。

【山注】“恆 ”通“緪”,〖《说文解字》——緪,大索也,一曰急也〗又〖《九歌》王逸注:絙,急张弦也〗,如此则可将“恆”解释为“弦”。

【02】騫=虧, 'to fall', 'to become defective'. The first half of l.4 refers to the waning and decline of the sun and moon; the second to slips of the hill.

【山译】“不骞不崩”中的“骞”是“亏”的意思,即下落与变得不圆满。“不骞”指的是日月;“不崩”指的是南山。

【03】'The luxuriance of the pine and the cypress' is seen in the constant renewal of their leaves; and they are specified, rather than other trees, as being well known and evergreens.承=繼, 'to continue', 'to succeed to'.或='some'.-'May there always be those who shall succeed to you!'

【山译】“如松柏之茂,无不尔或承”松树与柏树的繁茂,可见于其叶子不断更新。与其他的普通树木相比,松柏以常青而闻名于世。“”是“继”的意思,即继续。“或”是“一些”的意思,整句寓意愿永远有人继承你的事业!

【山录】《毛诗古训传·天保》——如松柏之枝叶长茂盛,青青相承,无衰落。

【山录】《诗经集传·天保》(宋朱熹)——言旧叶将落,而新叶已生,相继而长茂也。

The rhymes are-in st.1,固,除,庶,cat.5,t.1:in2, 穀,祿,足, cat.3, t.3:in3, 興,陵,增,cat.1, t.6:in4, 享*,嘗,王,疆,cat.10:in5,福*,食,德, cat.1, t.3:in6, 恆,升,崩,承, cat.6; 壽,茂*, cat.3,t.2.


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