【阅前提醒】本篇专栏的外语部分出自苏格兰经学家理雅各所译著的『The Chinese Classics』(“中国经典”)系列。理雅各先生出生于1815年(清嘉庆二十年),一生致力于中西方文化的交流,其最重要的成果就是详尽译释了种花家诸多经典。但由于理雅各先生的本职是传教士,故其紧抓“释经权”的职业习惯就自然融入到了译作之中,其往往翻译一段后就会用数倍的篇幅去注释译文,且带有一定的基督色彩,这就导致理雅各的译作卷帙浩繁。是故目前常常删去释经只取译文。但我感觉理雅各英译的释经部分才是译作本体,直接丢弃似乎是有些买椟还珠了。遂计划用业余时间对理雅各的译作原文进行整理上传。另,理雅各译作中,早期在华的翻译创作著成“中国经典”系列;后期回国的翻译创作则大多收录于“东方圣书”系列;本篇所取的论语理雅各译文出自““中国经典”卷一。
一、学而第一15
子贡曰:“贫而无谄,富而无骄,何如?”子曰:“可也。未若贫而乐,富而好礼者也。”子贡曰:《诗》云,‘如切如磋!如琢如磨’,其斯之谓与?“子曰:”赐也!始可与言《诗》已矣,告诸往而知来者。”
【白话】子贡说:“贫穷而能不谄媚,富有而能不骄傲自大,怎么样?”孔子说:“这也算可以了。但是还不如虽贫穷却乐于道,虽富裕而又好礼之人。”子贡说:“《诗》上说,‘要像对待骨、角、象牙、玉石一样,切磋它,琢磨它’,就是讲的这个意思吧?”孔子说:“赐呀,你能从我已经讲过的话中领会到我还没有说到的意思,举一反三,我可以同你谈论《诗》了。”
二、BOOKⅠ.HSIO R. CHAPTER 15
〖一〗子貢曰、貧而無諂、富而無驕、何如。子曰、可也、未若貧而樂、富而好禮者也。
Tsze-kung said, 'What do you pronounce concerning the poor man who yet does not flatter, and the rich man who is not proud?' The Master replied, 'They will do; but they are not equal to him, who, though poor, is yet cheerful, and to him, who, though rich, loves the rules of propriety.'
〖二〗子貢曰、詩云、如切如磋、如琢如磨、其斯之謂與。
Tsze-kung replied, 'It is said in the Book of Poetry, " As you cut and then file, as you carve and then polish."-- The meaning is the same, I apprehend, as that which you have just expressed.'
〖三〗子曰、賜也、始可與言詩已矣、告諸往而知來者。
The Master said, 'With one like Ts'ze, I can begin to talk about the odes. I told him one point, and he knew its proper sequence.'
三、汉英经释
0、序言
【00】AN ILLUSTRATION OF THE SUCCESSIVE STEPS IN SELF-CULTIVATION.
【山译】关于自我修养连贯步骤的示范。
1、子貢曰、貧而無諂、富而無驕、何如。子曰、可也、未若貧而樂、富而好禮者也。
Tsze-kung said, 'What do you pronounce concerning the poor man who yet does not flatter, and the rich man who is not proud?' The Master replied, 'They will do; but they are not equal to him, who, though poor, is yet cheerful, and to him, who, though rich, loves the rules of propriety.'
【01】Tsze-kung had been poor, and then did not cringe. He became rich, and was not proud. He asked Confucius about the style of character to which he had attained. Confucius allowed its worth, but sent him to higher attainments.
【山译】子贡以前穷困,但他并不畏缩,如今他成功变得富有,而他也并不骄傲。因此他向老师孔子询问此时自己的状态,孔子肯定了子贡的修养成就,并为其指出了进一步修养的方向。
【山录】《论语集注》(宋朱熹)——子贡货殖,盖先贫后富,而尝用力于自守者,故以此为问。而夫子答之如此,盖许其所已能,而勉其所未至也。
【02】而,here,='and yet''.
【山译】此处的“而”应该翻译为“and yet”。
【03】何如,'what as?'='what do you say--what is to be thought,--of this?'
【山译】“何如”是“what as?”的意思,即你怎么说?或你对这怎么认为?
【04】Observe the force of the 未,'not yet'.
【山译】此处“未”理解为“not yet”即还没有。
2、子貢曰、詩云、如切如磋、如琢如磨、其斯之謂與。
Tsze-kung replied, 'It is said in the Book of Poetry, " As you cut and then file, as you carve and then polish."-- The meaning is the same, I apprehend, as that which you have just expressed.'
【01】The ode quoted is the first of the songs of Wei (衛), praising the prince Wu,who had dealt with himself as an ivory-worker who first cuts the bone, and then files it smooth,or a lapidary whose hammer and chisel are followed by all the appliances for smoothing and polishing.
【山译】引用的颂歌是卫风的第一首,用来称赞卫武公,将卫武公的自我修养的方法类比作骨雕艺术家制作骨器,即雕琢时首先是大力粗粗的切割骨头,然后才是小心细细的琢磨平顺;或是类比为宝石匠人打磨玉器,即先用锤子和凿子粗略的打型,之后再用磨具仔细的抛光磨平。
【山录】《毛诗小序》——《淇奥》,美武公之德也。有文章,又能听其规谏,以礼自防,故能入相于周,美而作是诗也。
【山录】《论语集注》(宋朱熹)——诗卫风淇澳之篇,言治骨角者,既切之而复磋之;治玉石者,既琢之而复磨之;治之已精,而益求其精也。
【山注】卫武公是东周平王的从龙开国之臣,靠着护卫平王东迁再造东周之功,为卫国打下了坚实的政治、军事基础,再加上临近洛邑的有利地缘位置,此时卫国已有小霸之姿,但奈何儿媳庄姜无子,儿子卫庄公又过度溺爱妾生子,最终导致基业失序,引出了州吁之乱;后州吁之乱虽平,却反使春秋最龌龊肮脏的诸侯卫宣公趁机上位,进而又引出了绵延数十年的卫惠公之乱。遥想卫武公所留基业之厚实:纵是州吁之乱时,卫国亦能联结诸侯,暴揍小霸郑庄公于新郑,刈其麦而归;哪怕是之后的卫惠公大乱,卫国仍能提刀上洛废逐天子祸乱天下。可惜这也是卫国最后的高光时刻了,卫武公所留的小霸基业经过这几场大乱,已经被折腾的所剩无几了,于是待齐桓开启霸主政治后,卫国直接沦为霸主必刷副本和资源点,被齐桓晋文先后前来狂刷装备金币战绩声望,乃至妹子(齐桓攫长卫少卫二姬)与天命(晋文得卫国五鹿野人赐土天命)……当年剩余的这点小霸残垣几乎被尽数拿去做了他人霸业之基……可就这,卫国还能靠着所剩无几的那点零头碎脑,硬抗数百年乱世,一直苟到始皇驾崩后才最终被灭,实在很难想象卫武公当年打下的基业究竟何等坚实,当年的卫国又究竟何等兴盛!
【山传1】卫武公拥立平王东迁之事始末参阅:CV13047975
【山传2】卫州吁之乱始末参阅:CV13083846
【山传3】卫惠公乱之始参阅:CV13231935
【山传4】卫惠公乱之中参阅:CV13330142
【山传5】卫惠公乱之末参阅:CV14153838
【02】See the Shih-ching,I.v.Ode I.st.2.
【山译】原诗参见诗经-01国风-05卫风-01淇奥的第2句。
【山录】诗经-01国风-05卫风-01淇奥
瞻彼淇奥,绿竹猗猗。有匪君子,如切如磋,如琢如磨,瑟兮僴兮,赫兮咺兮。有匪君子,终不可谖兮。
瞻彼淇奥,绿竹青青。有匪君子,充耳琇莹,会弁如星。瑟兮僴兮。赫兮咺兮,有匪君子,终不可谖兮。
瞻彼淇奥,绿竹如箦。有匪君子,如金如锡,如圭如璧。宽兮绰兮,猗重较兮。善戏谑兮,不为虐兮。
【03】In 其斯之謂,the antecedent to 其 is the passage of the ode, and that to 斯 is the reply of Confucius. 之謂,see Premare, p.156.The clause might be translated--'Is not that passage the saying of this?' Or,'Does not that mean this?'
【山译】“其斯之谓与”中“其”指的是《淇奥》这首诗的相关段落;“斯”是指前面孔子对子贡的回答;“之谓”根据马若瑟(Premare)的观点可以理解为“这一段不是这样说的吗?”或者,“不就是这个意思吗?'
【山录】《光明日报20240406·<论语>的欧美早期传播史》(郑梦娟)——法国耶稣会士马若瑟(Joseph de Prémare)所著的《汉语札记》(Notitia Lingae Sinicae,1831年),口语语料主要来自中国戏曲和小说,而书面语语料则主要来自“四书”。当时很多西方人的观念是:无论是语言学习还是文学思想研究,以《论语》为代表的儒学经典都是“古代中国典籍的开山之作”,学习中文就要像中国孩童一样从“四书五经”开始学起。
3、子曰、賜也、始可與言詩已矣、告諸往而知來者。
The Master said, 'With one like Ts'ze, I can begin to talk about the odes. I told him one point, and he knew its proper sequence.'
【01】Intorcetta and his co-adjutors translate here as if 賜 were in the 2nd pers. But the Chinese comm. put it in the 3rd, and correctly. Premare,on the character 也, says,'Fere semper adjungitur nominibus propriis.Sic in libro Lun Yu, Confucius loquens de suis discipulis, Yeou,Keou,Hoei,velipsos alloquens,dicit 由也,求也,回也.'It is not to be denied that the name before 也 is sometimes in the 2nd pers, but generally it is in the 3rd, and the force of the也=quoad. 賜也,quoad Tsze.
【山译】意大利学者殷铎泽(Prospero Intorcetta)翻译此处时,将“赐”理解为第二人称,但是中国学者一般将其理解为第三人称。马若瑟对这个“也”指出,论语中有很多篇章中都有类似“由也,求也,回也”的表达。但这并不是说名字在“也”之后就是第2人称的意思,而是一般都是第三人称。“也”可以理解为拉丁语quoad,相当于英语中的the。所以“赐也”就是the Tsze的意思。
【山录】《光明日报20240406·<论语>的欧美早期传播史》(郑梦娟)——(意大利)殷铎泽(Prospero Intorcetta)根据《史记·孔子世家》《孔子家语》等编写的《中国哲学之父孔子传》
【山录】Personal人称分类:Refers to the one speaking(1st pers.),the spoken to(2nd pers.),or the one spoken about(3rd pers.).
【02】已矣,nearly=也已,(or 已 without marking the tone),in chap.xiv.
【山译】“已矣”可翻译成“nearly”,相当于学而14“可谓好学也已”中的“也已”,或者直接一个“已”字,不加其他与其词。
【03】The last clause may be given-'Tell him the past, and he knows the future', but the connextion determines the meaning as in the translation.
【山译】“告诸往而知来者”的意思似乎是说“告诉他过去,他就知道未来”,但是联系上下文应该翻译为“告诉他一个点,他就能得出一连串正确的道理”。
【山录】《论语集注》(宋朱熹)——往者,其所已言者。来者,其所未言者。
【04】諸,as in chap.x, is a particle, a mere語助,as it is called,'a helping or supporting word.'
【山译】“告诸往而知来者”中的“诸”与学而10“其诸异乎人之求之与? ”中的“诸”意思相同,都是虚词,作语气词,即“ helping or supporting word”。