Introduction引言

        This book was started in the late summer of 2016, with the 100th anniversary of the first use of tank in combat by the British Army at the Battle of Flers-Courcelette on 15 September 1916, a mere week away as the author penned these words.这本书开始写作于2016年夏末，当笔者写下这些文字时，距离1916年9月15日英国陆军在弗勒斯-库尔塞莱特战役中坦克的首次使用一百周年仅有一周时间。Since that date in 1916, literally hundreds of different desighs of tanks have emerged on the world stage and the total of the numbers produced runs into the hundreds of thousands.自1916年以来，数百种坦克设计登上了世界舞台，而其总共的产量达到了数十万辆。However, not all tank designs conceived or produced during this period were a success.然而，并非在此期间构想或生产的所有坦克设计都取得了成功。Many were failures, some were mediocre, while others were effective and were thus produced in large numbers.许多是失败的，有些是平庸的，而另一些则是实际有效的并因此得以大量生产。Very few can claim the mantle of being both revolutionary and to have also made a decisive contribution in determining the outcome of a great conflict.很少有人能在引领巨大变革的同时对大规模战争的结果做出决定性贡献。But it is generally conceded that the Russian T-34 medium tank was perhaps the greatest and most important tank ever built.但人们普遍承认，苏联T-34中型坦克可能是有史以来生产过的最伟大、最重要的坦克。
        The use of the word 'perhaps', is intentional.对“可能”一词的使用是有意而为之。Whereas there are those who would claim otherwise - so the judgement can in no way be definitive - it is nevertheless the contention of this author that the T-34, for all of its faults, and they were many,sits at the top of the list.虽然因为有人会提出相反的说法，这一论断并不绝对，但笔者依然认为尽管T-34有众多缺陷，仍当位列榜首。It is the purpose of this book to try to explain why.这本书的目的便是尝试解释其理由。As such there will be no attempt to embellish its reputation - it will be presented 'warts and all'.因此，我们不会试图美化它的声誉——它将被“毫无遮掩”地展现出来。While it was certainly trumpeted by the Soviet authorities as a paragon among armoured fighting vehicles, that was for propaganda purposes, and it is not the task of this work to echo those sentiments if they were not true.虽然苏联当局无疑将其吹捧为装甲战斗车辆的典范，但这是出于宣传目的，本书无意附和这些观点中的错误。On the other hand, it is understandable, given the dire situation of the Soviet Union in the first two years following the German invasion of Russia of June 1941, that this weapon was portrayed as being superior to that of its opponents and was a major factor in helping to stave off defeat.另一方面，鉴于1941年6月德国入侵苏联的最初两年的严峻形势，这种武器被描述为优于对手、是避免被击败的功臣这点是可以理解的。It was certainly the case that the appearance of the T-34 (and the heavy KV tank) in the very first days of the conflict on the new Eastern Front was without question a massive and profound shock to the invader.毫无疑问，在东线战场最初的日子里，T-34（和重型KV坦克）的出现对入侵者来说是一个巨大而深远的冲击。That the unquestioned superiority of the T-34 over its German opponents did not do more to impact on the German advance into the Soviet Union did not detract at all from the manner in which the design of all future German armoured fighting vehicles drew on the influence of that of the T-34.虽然T-34相对于其德国对手的绝对优势并没有对德国对苏联发起的进攻产生更大的影响，但这丝毫没有减损未来所有德国装甲战车在设计时都吸取了T-34的设计的影响。Equipped with a new turret and more powerful gun, this remarkable design was the staple of the Red Army tank force that drove into Berlin in April 1945.在装备了新的炮塔和更强力的火炮后，这一非凡的设计成为了1945年四月开入柏林的红军坦克部队的主力。
        Nor did its career end there.它的生涯并没有就此结束。As well as being produced in Polish and Czech factories after the war, it became the primary initial tank exported by the USSR as military aid in the early years of the Cold War.除了被波兰和捷克斯洛伐克的工厂在战后生产外，它还成为了冷战早期苏联军事援助出口的初期主要坦克。Indeed, such has been the longevity of the T-34/85 that it is still being seen in action in news reports from Yemen and Syria in 2017.实际上，T-34/85的寿命长到在2017年的也门和叙利亚新闻报道中仍能看到它的使用。
        No better summary of the effectiveness of the T-34 can be offered than that of the final paragraph of the British Army School of Tank Technology assessment of a T-34/76 supplied to them for evaluation by the Soviet government in 1943.没有什么对T-34的效能的总结能胜过英国坦克技术学院对苏联政府于1943年提供的一辆用于评估的T-34/76的评价的最后一段。This document is referred to extensively in this work and it is remarkably objective in its assessment of the weaknesses and strengths of the design.本书中大量引用了这份文件，它对T-34设计的优缺点进行了非常客观的评估。There is no doubting the admiration that the evaluating team expressed for the T-34.In their words:毫无疑问，评估团队对T-34表示钦佩。用他们的话说：

        The design shows a clear headed appreciation of the essentials of an effective tank and the requirements of the war, duly adjusted to the particular characteristics of the Russian soldier, the terrain and the manufacturing facilities available.这款坦克展现了对高效坦克的本质和战争要需求的清晰认识，并恰当地适应了苏联军人、地形和可用的生产设备的特点。When it is considered how recently Russia has become industrialised and how great a proportion of the industrialised regions have been overrun by the enemy, with the consequent loss or hurried evacuation of plant and workers, the design and production of such great numbers stand out as an engineering achievement of the first magnitude.当考虑到苏联不久前才完成工业化，且工业区有很大一部分被敌军占领并因此导致工厂和工人损失或仓促撤离，这种有力坦克的设计和大量生产作为一项工程成就便更显得格外突出。

        To see, however, how it was that the T-34 came to be ,we must return briefly to the beginnings of tank development in the Soviet Union just two decades earlier.然而，为了了解T-34是如何诞生的，我们必须简要回顾二十年前苏联坦克发展的开端。It must be borne in mind that this is a massive subject and limited space is avallable in which to sketch the salient features of the pre-war development of the Soviet tank arm as it pertained to the emergence of the T -34 in 1940.请务必记住，这是一个巨大的话题，但有限的空间只能概述苏联坦克部队战前发展的突出特征，因为它与1940年T-34的出现有关。

Birth of the tank in Communist Russia苏俄坦克的诞生
        Within months of the Bolshevik Party's seizure of power in Russia in October 1917, a ferocious and pitiless civil war had broken out between it and those other groups within the country that sought to destroy the new revolutionary government.在1917年十一月(十月革命发生于俄历十月，公历十一月)布尔什维克党夺取俄国政权后仅几个月后，其与国内其他试图摧毁新革命政府的集团之间便爆发了一场残酷的内战。Aided by arms deliveries from intervening foreign powers that also sought the same end, the tanks supplied by the British and French to the White armies became the foremost symbols in Bolshevik propaganda of the forces seeking to destroy the revolution.在同样意在于此的外国干涉势力的武器援助下，英国和法国向白军提供的坦克成为了布尔什维克对试图摧毁革命的势力的宣传中最重要的象征。From the moment of its birth, the RKKA Roboche Krestyanskaya Armiya(Raboche-krestyanskaya Krasnaya Armiya?) - the 'Workers' and Peasants' Red Army' (hereafter abbreviated to just Red Army )- found itself embroiled in combat with examples of the latest technology from the battlefields of the First World War.从诞生的那一刻起，RKKA Рабоче-крестьянская Красная Армия——“工农红军”（以下简称红军）——便发现自己陷入了与第一次世界大战战场上最先进科技的战斗中。That ultimately the tanks deployed by the White forces did not succeed in helping defeat the Bolsheviks in no way detracted from the impression that these new weapons made on the Red Army, nor how, post - war, they might be employed to their future advantage.最终，白军使用的坦克未能帮助他们成功击败布尔什
        As early as May 1920, G. Sokolnikov (Grigory Yakovlevich Sokolnikov) despatchged a memo to Lenin and Trotsky advocating that even as the Red Army prepared foe war with Poland, consideration should be given to the 'utilisation of tanks'.早在1920年五月，格里戈里·雅科夫列维奇·索科利尼科夫就向列宁和托洛茨基发送了一份备忘录，提议即使红军准备与波兰开战，也应当考虑“对坦克的使用”。He was referring to nearly 100 British Mark Vs and French FT-17s that had been captured from and later abandoned by the White forces before their defeat and he argued that they should be refitted and prepared for use 'in the formation of tank squadrons'.他指的是将近100辆在白军战败前缴获或后来被白军遗弃的英国马克V和法国FT-17，他认为应将它们重新整备并准备用于“组建坦克中队”。Indeed, the 1st Tank Detachment was set up using British Mark Vs.实际上，第一坦克支队便是使用英国马克V建立的。Nor were the Soviets dilatory in their attempts to do more than just operate captured machines, for in that same year they produced their first indigenous machine.苏联人也没有拖延着仅仅操作缴获的坦克，同年他们就生产了第一台国产坦克。Based upon the captured French FT-17 kight tank, the 'KS' tank (the initials standing for its plant of manufacture, the Krasnoe Sormovo factory in Nizhny Novgorod) was built in 1920 and given the grandiloquent title of 'Freedom Fighter Comrade Lenin'.以缴获的法国FT-17轻型坦克为基础的“KS”坦克（“KS”是其制造厂，下诺夫哥罗德的克拉斯诺耶·索尔莫沃工厂的首字母缩写）生产于1920年，并被赋予了“自由战士列宁同志”的宏伟称号。The Leader of the Party was so pleased with it that he personally commissioned 15 more, and in February 1922 they were paraded in Red Square daubed with stirring titles to inspire the people such as 'Red Champion', 'Proletariat', 'The Paris Commune' and 'Victory'.这位党的领袖对此非常满意，他亲自授意再生产15辆。1922年二月，这些坦克被刷上了用来鼓舞民众的标语如“红色斗士”、“无产阶级”、“巴黎公社”和“胜利”，在红场接受了检阅。
        Although the decade of the 1920s saw energy being expended towards the estabishment of the technical means to set uo a tank industry - this being paralleled by the development of doctrine for the organisation and employment of armoured fighting vehicles (hereafter AFVs) - this period also saw the growing influence of Germany in these fields in Russia.20世纪20年代，大量资源被投入到用来建立坦克工业的技术手段上，与此同时，装甲战斗车辆（以下简称战车）的组织运用理论也在发展，这一时期德国在这些领域对苏俄的影响力也在不断增强。In the aftermath of the First World War and as a consequence of the resulting peace treaties, Germany and Russia were treated as a means of circumventing the constraints placed upon them.第一次世界大战结束后，作为其和平条约的结果，德国和苏俄受到了排斥。Almost from the moment the Versailles Treaty was signed, the German Reichswehr and the Weimar government had been casting about in secret for ways to deceive the Allied powers and develop forbidden military technologies.几乎从《凡尔赛条约》签署的那一刻起，德国国防军和魏玛政府就一直在暗中寻找蒙蔽同盟国发展违禁军事技术的方法。This saw a secret turn to Holland, Finland and Sweden, where through the use of front companies and the willing participation of native arms companies, Germany was able to continue development of U-boats and artillery, and with the Soviet Union, military aviation and tanks.他们秘密转向荷兰、芬兰和瑞典，在那里，通过利用幌子公司和本土军火公司的自愿参与，德国得以继续发展U型潜艇和火炮。而与苏联，则是在军事航空和坦克方面展开合作。

        For Russians, notwithstanding the recent conflict with Germany that had led to the demise of the former ancien régime, Germany and the Germans were still regarded by Russians of all political persuasions as a people of kulturney (culture) from whom the new Soviet state and especially the Red Army, could learn and acquire much.尽管不久前与德国的冲突导致了旧制度的灭亡，各种政治派别的俄罗斯人仍将德国和德国人认作是一个文明民族，而新的苏维埃政权，特别是红军，可以从他们身上学到很多东西。And while many in the politically right-wing Reichswehr held their noses at the prospect of co-operation with the despised Bolsheviks, they were nonetheless prepared to engage and collaborate with them to their own advantage.虽然许多老柏林正十字旗国防军右翼对与受鄙视的布尔什维克的合作前景嗤之以鼻，但他们仍出于利益考量准备与他们接触并合作。But more than this, they were at one with the Soviets in their mutual detestation of that creation of the Versailles Treaty - the newly reconstituted state of Poland lying between them.但更重要的是，他们与苏联人内心都毫无波兰同样憎恨凡尔赛条约的产物——在他们之间新重建的波兰。Such mutual coincidence of need led to the Treaty of Rapallo in April 1922.这种需求的一致促成了1922年四月的《拉帕洛条约》。This saw the Soviet state grant a concession to the German firm of Krupps to establish a secret tractor (tank) station at Rostov-on-Don.苏联政府向德国克虏伯公司授予特许权，在顿河河畔的罗斯托夫建立一个秘密的拖拉机（具有直射火力、越野能力和装甲防护力，主要用来与对方拖拉机或其他机械作战，也可以压制、消灭反拖拉机武器、摧毁工事、歼灭敌方武装警察力量的履带式拖拉机坦克）站。It was here that they developed light and heavy tractors.正是在这里，他们开发了轻型和重型拖拉机。The Soviet presumption was that, in exchange for this provision, the Germans would share their research and technology to the benefit of their own tank development.在苏联的设想中，作为交换，德国人将分享他们的研究和技术，从而促进苏联自己的坦克发展。
        In the meantime, home-grown Soviet tank development stuttered forward - its ability to design new machines was profoundly hampered not by a shortage of financial resources but owing to a lack of expertise and an industrial base broad enough to produce them.与此同时，苏联本土坦克的发展步履蹒跚——其设计新坦克的能力受到了严重阻碍，这不是由于资金短缺(五年计划+大萧条，爽!)，而是因为缺乏专业知识和用于生产它们的足够广大的工业基地。Although by the end of 1922, a further 15 of the 'KS' tanks had been produced, the so-called 'Russkiy Renault' was to remain the basic tank in the Red Army through to 1929.尽管到1922年底又生产了15辆“KS”坦克，但这些所谓的“苏联雷诺”直到1929年都任然是红军的主力坦克。In 1923, the Main Department of the War Industry (GUVP) had addressed the problems of developing tanks in the Soviet Union and had constructed a programme based upon the following objectives:1923年，军事工业总局（GUVP）解决了苏联坦克发展面临的问题，并基于以下目标制定了一项计划：

• To carry out all systematic trials possible in the economically underdeveloped Soviet Union.进行一切在经济尚不发达的苏联能进行的系统性试验。

• To produce equipment for training tank personnel.生产用于训练坦克手的设备。

• To study tank technology.研究坦克技术。

• To design and test experimental new models.设计和测试新的实验性坦克。

        While the GUVP was to oversee a number of abortive projects, it nonetheless sponsored an experimental prototype 5-ton light tank designed for the infantry support role.尽管相当数量由GUVP负责的项目都流产了，但它还是成功支持了一款为承担步兵支援角色设计的实验性5吨轻型坦克的原型。The influence of the earlier FT-18 (based on the KS tank) and the KS tanks themselves could clearly be seen in its design.在其设计中可以清晰地看到先前KS坦克及以之为基础的FT-18坦克的影响。Following modifications to eliminate problems, it was to emerge as the MS-1 and would be adopted by the Army as the T-18.经过改进消除问题后，它成为了MS-1，并被陆军以T-18的名称采用。Production of the T-18 began in Leningrad in 1928 and in its later-developed models, the MS-2 and 3, continued through to 1931, by which time some 960 of differing variants had been produced.T-18的生产于1928年在列宁格勒开始，其后继型号MS-2和MS-3的生产一直持续到1931年，在那时各型号共生产了大约960辆。It was also in the quest for a tank that could be employed in a more independent role within the 'manoeuvre groups' that were now part of the emerging doctrine within the Red Army, that T-12 tank was to appear.在对一款能独立运用于“机动集群”——红军新兴理论的一部分——的坦克的需求中，T-12出现了。
        From 1928 to 1929, the newly established tank design team at the Paravosostroitelniy Zavod(Kharkov Parovozobudivnii Zavod?) (the Kharkov Steam Locomotive Works, known by the initials KhPZ) turned their attention to the development of this new machine.从1928年到1929年，Харківський Паровозобудівний Завод（哈尔科夫蒸汽机车厂，简称KhPZ）新成立的坦克设计团队将注意力转向了这款新型坦克的研发。In the bureau were individuals such as A. A. Morozov (Alexander Aleksandrovich Morozov) and M. Tarshinov (Mikhail? I? Tarshinov), whose efforts would within eight to ten years help bring to fruition the revolutionary T-34 medium tank.这一机构中包括了亚历山大·亚历山德罗维奇·莫罗佐夫和米哈伊尔·I·塔希诺夫(关于此人找到的资料极少，甚至缩写M所指和中间名都不完全确定)等人，他们的努力将在八到十年后助力革命性的T-34中型坦克成型。The sole T-12 was trialled in February 1930, but it was deemed to be mechanically unreliable and was therefore abandoned.唯一一辆T-12于1930年二月接受了测试，但由于被认为机械不可靠而被废弃。It did, however, lay the foundation for the improved T-24.尽管如此，它仍为为改进的T-24奠定了基础。This tank was intended to be a replacement for the MS series and while it was slightly more successful than its predecessor - it too weighed 19 tons and was quite well armed, mounting a 45mm main gun and three machine guns - only 25 were built, and as with the T-12, it was ultimately abandoned as being far too mechanically unreliable.这款坦克旨在取代MS系列，虽然它比前代略成功一些——同样重19吨，防护良好，装备45毫米主炮和三挺机枪——却也只建造了25辆，且与T-12一样，它最终因机械不可靠而被放弃。Those few nonetheless found their way into military parades and were also used for training purposes.不过这仅有的几辆还是参与了阅兵，并被用于训练。However, all was not wasted as the chassis and suspension were retained and incorporated into the Komintern full-tracked artillery tractor that was built at the KhPZ and used in some numbers by the Red Army through to 1945.不过这一切并没有被浪费，其底盘和悬挂被保留并运用到了KhPZ生产的“共产国际”全履带火炮牵引车中，而这款牵引车被红军大量使用到了1945年。

        The year 1926 had seen the establishment of a joint German/Russian Tank School at Kazan where experiments with tanks - mainly those captured in the Civil War - were conducted.1926年，苏德在喀山共同建立了一所坦克学校，并在那里用坦克——主要是在内战中缴获的那些——进行了实验。This site was to become the most important for the interface between Reichswehr and the Red Army in the area of tank development and although the Soviets would benefit from the interaction, it would not be in those areas in which they desperately needed the practical help they were looking for from the Germans.这里后来成为了德国国防军和红军在坦克发展领域最重要的接口，但尽管苏联从这种互动中受益，却不是在他们最急需德国人的实际帮助的领域。The Germans secretly shipped in sections of examples of prototype 18-ton tanks from Krupps and Rheinmetall to Kazan in 1928.1928年，德国人以零件形式将18吨坦克原型样车从克虏伯和莱茵金属公司秘密送到了喀山。Various other prototype machines were despatched there, but as one author noted, they were rather choosy as to what they sent:虽然其他各种原型机也被送往那里，但正如一位作者所指出的那样，德国对他们所送的东西进行了精细的选择：

. . . the Germans did not despatch any of their armoured vehicles which really interested them, such as their early test-bed tractors for the Maybach transmissions.德国人没有发送任何苏联真正感兴趣的装甲车，比如他们迈巴赫传动的早期试验拖拉机。Quite an important factor when one considers that the most advanced and complicated aspects of tank technology are that of steering and gear-changing both of which depend on the transmission system.考虑到坦克技术最先进最复杂的领域是转向和换挡，而这两者都依赖于传动系统，这就成了非常重要的一点。It was a long time before the Russians were able to develop a satisfactory transmission for tanks.苏联在很久之后才研制出令人满意的坦克传动。

        But access to that sort of technology was exactly what the Russians were hoping to get from their relationship with the Germans.但此类技术正是苏联希望从与德国的关系中获得的。As we shall see, the transmission was the primary ongoing weakness of the T-34, but that machine was still nearly a decade away.正如我们将要看到的，传动系统是T-34长期以来的主要缺陷所在，但此时距离这款坦克问世还有近十年的时间。However, the arrangement with the Germans was to prove more profitable to the Red Army from the standpoint of the development of theory, as from it emerged a 'Correct Line for the War Doctrine of Tanks'.不过在理论发展方面，与德国人合作的安排对红军来倒是收获颇丰，因为从中诞生了“坦克战理论的正确路线”。This was tested in practice by employing those same British and French tanks captured in the Civil War in an experimental unit, the results of which were sufficiently promising to lead to the creation of the Red Army's first mechanised brigade in Moscow in 1931.这一理论由一个使用内战中缴获的英国和法国坦克实验单位进行了检验，其结果非常有前途，因而促成了红军第一个机械化旅1931年在莫斯科的建立。
        Nonetheless, the inspiration for the creation of the Red Army's first Mechanised Corps the following year had more to do with acting upon reports of the Experimental Mechanised Force that had been set up in Great Britain in 1927 and renamed the following year as the 'Experimental Armoured Force'.不过次年红军第一支机械化军的建立与1927年英国成立并于次年更名为“实验装甲部队”的实验机械化部队的报告关系更大。This was the first proper armoured formation ever established in the British Army, notwithstanding the organisation of the Tank Corps in the First World War.这是英国陆军有史以来建立的第一个正规装甲部队，尽管其在第一次世界大战时就组建了坦克部队。Indeed, it was the very first to be set up anywhere in the world and as such it was a milestone in the history of tank development by providing the first occasion in which there was any attempt to create a combined arms force.事实上，这在全世界都是第一个，因此它作为建立联合兵种部队的首次尝试成为了坦克发展史上的一个里程碑。Comprising of tanks, wireless tanks, tankettes, armoured cars and infantry carried in half-track lorries, it also was fielding its own artillery towed by full-tracked tractors and half-tracks and supporting engineers, again carried in wheeled vehicles.它由坦克、无线遥控坦克(这个翻译是猜的)、豆丁超轻型坦克、装甲车和由半履带卡车搭载的步兵组成，还配备了由全履带和半履带牵引车牵引的火炮，以及同样由轮式车辆搭载的支援工程师。It was unquestionably the progenitor of the all-arms formation, and with Great Britain still viewed by other militaries as the foremost nation in the world when it came to tank development and mobile warfare, this experiment was observed and studied with great interest by those in other countries concerned with how this still 'new' weapon could be best employed in their own armed forces.毫无疑问，它是多兵种协同部队的先驱，而且由于英国仍被其他军队视为世界上在坦克发展和运动战方面居于首位的国家，其他关注如何最好地将这种“新式”武器运用于自己的武装部队中的国家都以极大的兴趣观察和研究了这项实验。Although the experimental force was quite limited in size, it nonetheless prefigured the combined arms warfare that was to come.尽管这支实验部队的规模相当有限，它仍预示着联合兵种作战的到来。But it would not be the British Army that would build on the fruits of the experience garnered but rather the Germans and - to a lesser extent - the Soviets.但利用所获得的经验成果却不是英国军队，而是德国，以及其次的苏联。For the latter, it resulted in the expansion of the mechanised brigade into the Red Army's very first mechanised corps under the command of Colonel K.V. Kalinovski, a year later, in 1932.对于后者，其体现于一年后的1932年，机械化旅在K·V·卡林诺夫斯基(没找到这位的任何资料，这个KV总不可能是伏罗希洛夫吧)上校的命令下扩编为红军的第一个机械化军。
        It was, however, native thinking that saw its doctrinal underpinning in an emergent new concept of armoured warfare called 'Deep Battle'.而苏联本土思想则以一种名为“大纵深”的新型装甲作战概念为理论基础。Its sponsors were a group of radical military thinkers in the Red Army, led by Mikhail Tukhachevsky but also including K. Kalinovskii (Konstantin Bronislavovich Kalinovsky) and V. Triandafillov (Vladimir Kiriakovich Triandafillov).它的创立者是红军中一些激进的军事思想家，由米哈伊尔·图哈切夫斯基领导，但也包括了康斯坦丁·布罗尼斯拉沃维奇·卡利诺夫斯基和弗拉基米尔·基里亚科维奇·特里安达菲洛夫。In the papers they penned, they envisaged that the future Red Army would be wedded to an offensive strategy in which masses of tanks would be employed to penetrate deep into and behind enemy lines.在他们的设想中，未来的红军将奉行进攻战略，即运用大量坦克穿插深入敌后。Only in 1928 with the beginning of the First Five-Year Plan and its commitment to a massive programme of industrialisation primarily to service the expansion of the Red Army, was it possible for them to envisage the state in the near future producing the requisite number of machines to service their ambitious 'vision'.但直到1928年，随着第一个五年计划的开始及其对主要服务于红军扩张的大规模工业化计划的保障，他们才能想象国家在不久的将来真能生产数量足以服务于他们雄心勃勃的“愿景”的坦克。

The first totally indigenous tank design created by the GUVP was the MS-1 (T-18) which emerged in 1927.第一个由GUVP完全自主设计的坦克是1927年出现的MS-1（T-18）。Formally adopted by the Red Army in 1928 and put into production as an infantry support tank, 960 would be built before production ended in 1931.其于1928年被红军正式采用，并作为步兵支援坦克投入生产，并在1931年生产结束前生产了960辆。This figure included the later MS-2 and MS-3 light tanks.这一数字包括了后来的MS-2和MS-3轻型坦克。This preserved example can be seen in the museum of military equipment at Verkhnyaya Pyshma in Russia.这辆保存完好的T-18展出在俄罗斯上皮什马的军事装备博物馆。

The first design to emerge from the then Kharkov Locomotive Works was the T-12.KhPZ设计的第一个款坦克是T-12。This was the first attempt to produce a 'manoeuvre' tank.这是对生产“机动”坦克的第一次尝试。Weighing in at just under 20 tons, it was armed with a 45mm gun and three machine guns but it was rejected as being 'mechanically unreliable'.它全重不到20吨，配备了一门45毫米火炮和三挺机枪，但因“机械不可靠”而被拒收。

From the abortive T-12 emerged the T-24.T-24诞生于失败的T-12。Although a more refined machine than its predecessor, its production was curtailed after just 24 had been produced and for the same reason the T-12 had been cancelled - it too was mechanically unreliable.虽然T-24比其前身更精致，但仅仅在生产了24台后，其生产数量就遭到削减，然后出于与T-12相同的原因被取消——它在机械上也不可靠。Nonetheless, its suspension was employed in the successful Voroshilovets artillery tractor.不过它的悬挂还是成功地用在了伏罗希洛夫火炮牵引车上。